Advances in Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ISSN: 2574-7258) About the Journal Advances in Biochemistry and Biotechnology is an international Peer reviewed, Open access journal publishes original research, reviews, viewpoints and applications of high quality manuscripts which that are both relevant and applicable to the broad life sciences.
Part of a series on |
Biochemistry |
---|
Key components |
History and topics |
Glossaries |
Portals: Biology, MCB |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biochemistry:
Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes.
- 2Branches of biochemistry
- 5Biochemical techniques
Applications of biochemistry[edit]
- Testing
- Ames test – salmonella bacteria is exposed to a chemical under question (a food additive, for example), and changes in the way the bacteria grows are measured. This test is useful for screening chemicals to see if they mutate the structure of DNA and by extension identifying their potential to cause cancer in humans.
- Pregnancy test – one uses a urine sample and the other a blood sample. Both detect the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after implantation of the embryo into the uterine walls and accumulates.
- Breast cancer screening – identification of risk by testing for mutations in two genes—Breast Cancer-1 gene (BRCA1) and the Breast Cancer-2 gene (BRCA2)—allow a woman to schedule increased screening tests at a more frequent rate than the general population.
- Prenatal genetic testing – testing the fetus for potential genetic defects, to detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome or birth defects such as spina bifida.
- PKU test – Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder in which the individual is missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. Absence of this enzyme allows the buildup of phenylalanine, which can lead to mental retardation.
- Genetic engineering – taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another. Biochemists inserted the gene for human insulin into bacteria. The bacteria, travels through the process of translation, create human insulin.
- Cloning – Dolly the sheep was the first mammal ever cloned from adult animal cells. The cloned sheep was, of course, genetically identical to the original adult sheep. This clone was created by taking cells from the udder of a 6-year-old ewe and growing them in the lab.
- Gene therapy – a modified or healthy gene is inserted into the organism to replace a disease-causing gene. Commonly a virus that has been altered to carry human DNA is used to deliver the healthy gene to the targeted cells of the patient. This process was first used successfully in 1990 on a 4-year-old patient who lacked an immune system due to a rare genetic disease called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
Branches of biochemistry[edit]
Main branches[edit]
Other branches[edit]
Biotechnology,Bioluminescence,Molecular chemistry,Enzymatic chemistry,Genetic engineering,Pharmaceuticals,Endocrinology,NeurochemistryHematology,Nutrition,Photosynthesis,Environmental,Toxicology
History of biochemistry[edit]
General biochemistry concepts[edit]
- Major categories of bio-compounds:
- Carbohydrates : sugar -- disaccharide -- polysaccharide -- starch -- glycogen
- Lipids : fatty acid -- fats -- essential oils -- oils -- waxes -- cholesterol
- Nucleic acids : DNA -- RNA -- mRNA -- tRNA -- rRNA -- codon -- adenosine -- cytosine -- guanine -- thymine -- uracil
- Proteins :
- amino acid -- glycine -- arginine -- lysine
- peptide -- primary structure -- secondary structure -- tertiary structure -- conformation -- protein folding
- Chemical properties:
- molecular bond -- covalent bond -- ionic bond -- hydrogen bond -- ester -- ethyl
- molecular charge -- hydrophilic -- hydrophobic -- polar
- pH -- acid -- alkaline -- base
- oxidation -- reduction -- hydrolysis
- Structural compounds:
- In cells: flagellin -- peptidoglycan -- myelin -- actin -- myosin
- In animals: chitin -- keratin -- collagen -- silk
- In plants: cellulose -- lignin -- cell wall
- Enzymes and enzyme activity:
- enzyme kinetics -- enzyme inhibition
- proteolysis -- ubiquitin -- proteasome
- kinase -- dehydrogenase
- Membranes : fluid mosaic model -- diffusion -- osmosis
- phospholipids -- glycolipid -- glycocalyx -- antigen -- isoprene
- ion channel -- proton pump -- electron transport -- ion gradient -- antiporter -- symporter -- quinone -- riboflavin
- Energy pathways :
- pigments : chlorophyll -- carotenoids -- xanthophyll -- cytochrome -- phycobilin -- bacteriorhodopsin -- hemoglobin -- myoglobin -- absorption spectrum -- action spectrum -- fluorescence
- Photosynthesis : light reaction -- dark reaction
- Fermentation : Acetyl-CoA -- lactic acid
- Cellular respiration : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -- NADH -- pyruvate -- oxalate -- citrate
- Regulation
- hormones : auxin
- signal transduction -- growth factor -- transcription factor -- protein kinase -- SH3 domain
- Malfunctions : tumor -- oncogene -- tumor suppressor gene
- Receptors : Integrin -- transmembrane receptor -- ion channel
- Techniques : electrophoresis -- chromatography -- mass spectrometry -- x-ray diffraction -- Southern blot -- fractionation -- Gram stain -- Surface Plasmon Resonance -- Microscale Thermophoresis
Biochemical techniques[edit]
Molecular genetics[edit]
Protein purification[edit]
Structural determination[edit]
Interactions between biomolecules[edit]
External links[edit]
- Biochemistry, 5th ed. Full text of Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer, courtesy of NCBI.
- Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Full text of Garrett and Grisham.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_biochemistry&oldid=899163577'
Biochemistry strives to explain, to an atomiclevel, the processes that go on in both living organisms andnon-living pathogens.
Modern medicine relies on Biochemistry a great deal. The mostplausible future for treatment of disease relies heavily onBiochemical research into the structure, mechanisms and regulationof proteins in an organism. Biochemistry has a large part ingenetic studies too, and could lead to treatment of hereditarydisease through introduction of synthetic or recombined DNA (genetherapy).
Some examples:
- Current efforts in drug development are focusing on designingdrugs that will be effective specifically as required - somethingthat uses structural and mechanistic detail of enzymes fromBiochemical studies.
- Understanding cellular processes on a larger scale than asingle enzyme, such as transcription or the secretary pathway, mayhelp with the treatment of hereditary diseases, such as Duchennemuscular dystrophy, if artificial methods of switching genes on andoff can be derived from this understanding.
- Forensics and the human genome project are all part ofBiochemistry. Initially developed before Biochemistry was evenrecognised as its own field, they have been improved substantiallyby Biochemists.
- Production of many organic molecules use Biochemical research,much like manufactured insulin, which is now grown rather thanextracted from dead pigs.
In the future, Biochemistry may provide answers forartificial photosynthesis (to maintain oxygen levels and reduceatmospheric carbon dioxide), obesity solutions/weight loss, a curefor diabetes and many other diseases, more accurate diagnosis,better treatment of infection, increased life expectancy withslower ageing, synthetic organs and tissues for transplant, and awhole array of other potential paths that Biochemistry couldtake.
What are the uses of protein structure in biotechnology?
Short Answer: These uses [performed in-vitro] are the very same as those performed by proteins in in-vivo Biochemistry. Read More
What is the nature of biochemistry and how the knowledge of biochemistry is important to agriculture?
What is nature of biochemistry in agriculture Read More
Definition of biochemistry and the father of biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the learning of chemistry that related to biological system Read More
Is biochemistry a form of biology?
Biochemistry is a chapter of chemistry; biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. Read More
What has the author Donald Voet written?
Donald Voet has written: 'Biochemistry 1993 Supplement' '(WCS)Biochemistry 3rd Edition with Powerpoints for University of South Florida' 'Fundamentals of biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Textbooks, Biochimie 'Biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry 'Solutions manual to accompany Biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Problems, exercises 'Take note!' -- subject(s): Biochemistry Read More
Where is transfer RNA found?
In the cytoplasm, transfer Rnas are the literal heart of Biochemistry; and are localized right at and beside the multi-'faceted' ENTITY that uses them - the Ribosomes. Read More
What are the medical uses of adenine?
Adenine is a nucleobase and is used in biochemistry for cellular respiration, energy transport, etc. It does not have a medical use in a sense that it can be purchased as a drug. Read More
What kinds of jobs could you get if you have a biochemistry degree?
A degree in biochemistry can get you a job as an assistant scientist, research assistant, and biochemist. However, with an advanced degree (doctorate) in biochemistry, you could have a job as a biochemistry engineer, pharmacist, or research scientist. Read More
What has the author S P Datta written?
S. P. Datta has written: 'Aids to biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry 'Biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry Read More
Definition of clinical-biochemistry?
Clinical biochemistry, also known as chemical pathology, clinical chemistry, or medical biochemistry, is clinical pathology with a focus on the analysis of body fluids. Read More
Is a forensic scientist uses chemistry to find information at the scene of a crime organic chemisrty analytical chemisrty biochemisrty or theoretical chemisrty?
What is all about biochemistry?
biochemistry is nothing but the chemistry of biomolecules. Read More
How radioisotopes are used in biochemistry?
Are there oil jobs for biochemistry?
There are a multitude of jobs in biochemistry. Gas and oil are both job types an individual can explore in biochemistry. Read More
When was Analytical Biochemistry created?
Analytical Biochemistry was created in 1960. Read More
When was Textbook of Biochemistry created?
Textbook of Biochemistry was created in 1928. Read More
When was Journal of Biochemistry created?
Journal of Biochemistry was created in 1922. Read More
How would you use biochemistry in a sentence?
Who is the father of biochemistry?
I hope that Cal Neuberg is the father of biochemistry Read More
What aim scope of biochemistry?
What is a sentence for biochemistry?
Define and explain the concept of biochemistry?
How can you get organic chemistry free download?
The discovery of Carbon lead to the discovery of all the different uses for bonding carbon to various elements to create aromas, medication, and biochemistry Read More
What has the author Harold A Harper written?
Harold A. Harper has written: 'Harper's biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Biochimie, Molecular biology 'Harper's Review of biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry Read More
What is the difference between biochemistry and applied biochemistry?
Applied biochemistry is that part of the field in which the knowledge and techniques are applied to the real world. Read More
How does biochemistry use chemistry?
Biochemistry uses basic chemistry and organic chemistry principles in order to structurally analyze biological molecules and to explain and predict their interactions in the body. Example: certain proteins are denatured at higher temperatures because the increase of energy causes bonds to disassociate destroying their structure and rendering them useless. Read More
How many pages does Textbook of Biochemistry have?
Mutarotation and it importance in carbohydrate in biochemistry?
Mutarotation and it importance in carbohydrate in biochemistry Read More
How many letters are there in biochemistry?
The word biochemistry contains 12 letters. Read More
What are the degree courses that are related to biochemistry?
B.SC(biochemistry),B.SC(biotechnology),M.SC(biotechnology),B.SC(chemistry), M.SC(CHEMISTRY) and M.SC(biochemistry), Read More
Significance of biochemistry?
Biochemistry can be described as the science related with the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry explains life in terms of bio chemical reactions. The study of biochemistry is significant in drug discovery, nutrition, agriculture, physiology, genetics, and immunology. Read More
Could somebody suggest some good books on biochemistry to read to put on personal statement?
Lehninger's principles of Biochemistry.. Voet and Voet, Biochemistry Elliot and Elliot, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Read More
When was Journal of Cellular Biochemistry created?
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry was created in 1972. Read More
Can you use the word biochemistry in a sentence?
Biochemistry is fundamental to understanding how life works. Read More
What are the different branches of biochemistry?
i believe there are amny branches of biochemistry, it will be niuce if i get to know them Read More
What do you call a person that studies biochemistry?
A person that studies biochemistry is called a biochemist. Read More
What and where is scope for biochemistry?
The scope of biochemistry is to study materials of biological interest. Read More
Why is biochemistry called the chemistry of life?
Because biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. Read More
Did biochemistry evolve from biology and chemistry?
Yes; biochemistry is the study of biological molecules. Read More
What has the author Sterling Chaykin written?
Sterling Chaykin has written: 'Biochemistry laboratory techniques / by Sterling Chaykin' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Laboratory manuals 'Biochemistry laboratory techniques' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Laboratory manuals Read More
What has the author Thisbe K Lindhorst written?
Thisbe K. Lindhorst has written: 'Essentials of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Carbohydrates 'Essential of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Carbohydrates Read More
What is a western blot used for?
Western blot is used to detect any specific protein found in a sample. Normally tissue or cell lysates contain tons of different kind of proteins. By doing this analytical method one can identify the specific protein from the crude sample by antibodies. Read More
What is the use of biochemistry in biomedical engineering?
biochemistry helps because you learn more things Read More
Biochemistry is the branch of natural science or medical science?
biochemistry is in the life science branch Read More
Importance of biochemistry in nursing?
Biochemistry is important in many aspects of nursing. Biochemistry is important to ensure that the patient gets enough nutrition to sustain life and recover from illness. Biochemistry is also important in nursing to determine how much medication a patient should receive. Read More
What has the author M A Lieberman written?
M. A. Lieberman has written: 'Marks' essential medical biochemistry' -- subject(s): Biochemistry, Clinical biochemistry, Clinical medicine, Metabolism Read More
Is Biochemistry included in Biological sciences?
Yes, Biochemistry is a biological science. Whereas Biology deals with life, biochemistry deals with the chemical reactions that make life occur and sustain it. Read More
Where can one find information about biochemistry jobs?
For information on jobs in the biochemistry field, the website Inner Body offers a helpful guide to biochemistry careers. Sites with listings for jobs in biochemistry include CareerBuilder and Simply Hired. The US Navy also recruits officers trained in biochemistry, and individual firms such as NCBiotech often list available openings on their websites. Read More
Do doctors need biochemistry or just chemistry?
They should have taken inorganic, organic, and biochemistry. Read More
What is biochemistry?
Shortly, Biochemistry is the study of molecular basis of life. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the inanimate chemicals that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Even though biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in several fields, such as medicine, nutrition, agriculture, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. It is the search for the wonders of… Read More